Maternal cannabis use in pregnancy and child neurodevelopmental outcomes

Corsi DJ, Donelle J, Sucha E, et al. Maternal cannabis use in pregnancy and child neurodevelopmental outcomes [published online ahead of print, 2020 Aug 10]. Nat Med. 2020;10.1038/s41591-020-1002-5. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-1002-5 

Abstract 

Cannabis use in pregnancy has increased1,2, and many women continue to use it throughout pregnancy3. With the legalization of recreational cannabis in many jurisdictions, there is concern about potentially adverse childhood outcomes related to prenatal exposure4. Using the provincial birth registry containing information on cannabis use during pregnancy, we perform a retrospective analysis of all live births in Ontario, Canada, between 1 April 2007 and 31 March 2012. We link pregnancy and birth data to provincial health administrative databases to ascertain child neurodevelopmental outcomes. We use matching techniques to control for confounding and Cox proportional hazards regression models to examine associations between prenatal cannabis use and child neurodevelopment. We find an association between maternal cannabis use in pregnancy and the incidence of autism spectrum disorder in the offspring. The incidence of autism spectrum disorder diagnosis was 4.00 per 1,000 person-years among children with exposure compared to 2.42 among unexposed children, and the fully adjusted hazard ratio was 1.51 (95% confidence interval: 1.17-1.96) in the matched cohort. The incidence of intellectual disability and learning disorders was higher among offspring of mothers who use cannabis in pregnancy, although less statistically robust. We emphasize a cautious interpretation of these findings given the likelihood of residual confounding. _____________________________________________________________________

In what they call the largest study ever done, researchers found using marijuana while pregnant may increase the risk that a child will develop autism. 

"Women who used cannabis during pregnancy were 1.5 times more likely to have a child with autism," said study author Dr. Darine El-Chaâr, a maternal fetal medicine specialist and clinical investigator at Ottawa Hospital Research Institute in Canada. 

"These are not reassuring findings. We highly discourage use of cannabis during pregnancy and breastfeeding," she said. 

Past studies have shown the use of marijuana during pregnancy is linked to low birth weight, impulsivity, hyperactivity, attention issues and other cognitive and behavioral issue in children, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pregnant women who use marijuana, one study found, have a 2.3 times greater risk of stillbirth. 

"Based on that, I'm not too surprised by these findings," El-Chaâr said. "Fetal brain development occurs throughout all gestational ages." 

The study, published Monday in the journal Nature, reviewed data from every birth in Ontario, Canada, between 2007 and 2012, well before recreational marijuana was legalized in Canada in 2017. Of the half a million women in that data pool, researchers then narrowed the study to 2,200 women who said they used only marijuana during pregnancy, without mixing it with tobacco, alcohol or opioids. 

The study did not capture the amount and type of marijuana the women used during pregnancy. Nor did the study know when during the pregnancy or how often women used it. And while the study could only show association, not cause and effect, researchers said they did their best to eliminate confounding factors. 

Weed use during pregnancy growing 

As weed becomes legalized and more socially acceptable, health care researchers worry that moms-to-be might think it's fine to use to treat morning sickness or use recreationally, despite the lack of research on long-term impacts on a fetus. 

Women also chose to use marijuana to avoid medications they felt were more harmful to their baby, such as anti-nausea pills, anti-psychotic medications and opioids, a small study of pregnant women by Washington State University researchers found. 

Pain management, El-Chaâr said she hears from expecting mothers, is the most common reason for use of marijuana. 

"It helps with different conditions that they may have or for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy," El-Chaâr said. "Some people (said) they use (it) for sleep or for stress reduction. Still others use it recreationally; it's just part of their routine." 

Use of marijuana by pregnant women has been growing in the United States in recent decades. An analysis last year of over 450,000 pregnant American women ages 12 to 44 by the National Institute on Drug Abuse found cannabis use more than doubled between 2002 and 2017. 

The vast majority of marijuana use was during the first three months of pregnancy, the study found, and was predominantly recreational rather than medical. 

Yet the first trimester may be one of most sensitive times for the developing brain of a fetus, when it's most susceptible to damage, El-Chaâr said. Studies have found receptors for cannabis in the brains of animals as early as five and six weeks of gestational age, she said. 

"You can hypothesize that if there are cannabinoid receptors and the baby's brain is exposed, it may have (an) effect on brain development," she said. 

What to do 

Any woman using marijuana and discovers she is pregnant should immediately discuss her use with her doctors, experts say. Yet many young women aren't honest, studies have shown. One study of women 24 years old and younger found they were about twice as likely to screen positive for marijuana use than they stated in self-reports. 

The self-reported prevalence of marijuana use during pregnancy ranges from 2% to 5% in most studies, according to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 

https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/10/health/weed-marijuana-pregnancy-autism-link-wellness/index.html